Research Article। Eastern Scientist
REVIEW
Atreyee Mukherjee1, Dr. Jasmeet Singh2, Dr. Anil Kumar Singh3, Dr. Gireesh Babu4
1Mater’s Program of Science Education, Parul Institute of Applied
Science, Limda Lake Rd, Waghodia, Gujarat 391760. Mob+91 02668 260 300
2,3, Deptt.of Dravyagun, IMS Ayu. BHU Varanasi
4Professor & Head, Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of
Applied Sciences
1-INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Wound Healing
Wound healing is a dynamic,
intricate process characterized by a series of biological processes aimed at
re-establishing tissue integrity and function after injury. The healing process
is in four overlapping stages:
Hemostasis (Immediate Response)
During injury, the blood vessels get
constricted and platelets stick together to produce a clot. The clot arrests
bleeding and provides a matrix for the healing process that follows.
Inflammation (1-3 Days)
Inflammatory cells (e.g.,
neutrophils and macrophages) invade the wound site to remove debris and
pathogens. This phase also involves the discharge of growth factors and
cytokines that stimulate the healing cascade.
Proliferation (Days to Weeks)
Tissue formation, such as
granulation tissue development (new connective tissue) and new vessel growth
(angiogenesis), takes place in this phase. Epithelial cells migrate over the
wound bed and create a new layer of skin.
Maturation and Remodelling (Weeks to
Months)
The last phase is the strengthening
of the newly formed tissue. Collagen remodelling occurs, and the wound steadily
acquires tensile strength, although the healed tissue will never return to its
original strength.
Various factors, for instance, age, nutrition,
blood supply, and infection can affect the wound healing process.
A delay in any of the healing phases may lead
to chronic wounds or inadequate tissue regeneration.
1.2 Role of Microbial Infections in
Delayed Healing
Infections are a major factor in impeding the
healing process, especially in chronic wounds. Pathogen presence causes chronic
inflammation, tissue damage, and arrested or delayed healing. Some of the most
important ways microbial infections influence wound healing are:
Prolonged Inflammation: Microbial colonization
on the wound site initiates repeated immune reactions, extending the
inflammatory phase and not allowing the proliferative phase to be reached.
-Biofilm Development: Numerous
pathogens, particularly in chronic wounds, develop biofilms—a protective
envelope of extracellular polymeric substances that protects bacteria from host
immune reactions and antibiotics. Such a biofilm may cause continuous infections
and enhance the challenge of eliminating pathogens.
Cell Migration and Proliferation
Impairment: Infections hinder the migration of vital cells (e.g., keratinocytes
and fibroblasts) to the wound area, which is vital for tissue regeneration and
re-epithelialization.
Delayed Granulation Tissue
Formation: The presence of bacteria in the wound area can hinder the formation
of granulation tissue, causing the wound not to fill with new tissue and
subsequently close.
Increased Risk of Systemic
Infection: If left uncontrolled, local infections can move into the nearby
tissues and become systemic, traveling into the blood and causing sepsis and
other complications.
Most frequent wound pathogens are
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and
Streptococcus species, all of which have the capability to significantly worsen
wound healing and risk for morbidity.
1.3 Need for Antimicrobial
Nanocoatings
Systemic antibiotics or topical
antiseptics, traditional antimicrobial therapies, are limited in wound
treatment, with systemic toxicity, resistance development, and transient
effects being some of the limitations. Due to the necessity for long-term and localized
antimicrobial protection, nanocoatings have been researched as a tool for wound
treatment.
Antimicrobial nanocoatings have a
number of benefits over traditional approaches:
Localized and Targeted Action:
Nanocoatings have the ability to deliver antimicrobial agents to the wound site
directly, allowing for high local concentrations of the active compound, which
is important in eliminating infection without influencing the whole system.
Sustained Release: Nanocoatings can
give a slow and controlled release of antimicrobial agents, minimizing the
frequency of application and ensuring a sustained antimicrobial effect at the
wound site.
Lower Risk of Resistance: The sustained
release of antimicrobial agents in minute, sub-lethal amounts preclude
bacterial resistance from arising in contrast to the episodic high-dose
systemic therapies.
Biocompatibility: The majority of
nanomaterials like silver nanoparticles happen to be biocompatible and can be
non-toxic to human cells when applied at the right concentrations, which makes
them perfectly suitable for application in wound care.
Enhanced Wound Healing: Not only do nanocoated
surfaces restrict microbial development but also aid in tissue restoration
through enhanced cell growth and movement, establishment of moist environment
healing, and the provision of a scaffolding platform to facilitate
angiogenesis.
Based on such benefits, antimicrobial
nanocoatings have emerged as an imminent method of advancing the improvement in
wound healing outcomes, especially for chronic wounds patients or high-risk
patients with the possibility of developing infections. Nanotechnology in Wound Care
Nanotechnology has emerged as a
groundbreaking approach to enhance wound healing and infection management.
Nanomaterials, with their small size and large surface area, possess unique
properties that make them highly effective in promoting healing while
simultaneously providing antimicrobial protection. In the context of wound
care, these nanomaterials are incorporated into dressings, coatings, and sprays
to treat wounds while minimizing infection and improving healing outcomes.
2.1 Overview of Nanomaterials (e.g.,
Zn particles)
Nanomaterials are substances that possess a size range of
1-100 nanometres and exhibit distinct physical, chemical, and biological
properties compared to their bulk counterparts. Zinc (Zn) nanoparticles, for
example, have gained attention in wound care due to their antimicrobial,
anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties.
Zinc Nanoparticles in Wound Care: Zinc is a trace element that plays a crucial role in
cellular metabolism, immune function, and tissue repair. Zinc nanoparticles
(ZnNPs) have been extensively researched for their role in wound healing due to
their ability to:
Enhance Collagen Synthesis: Zinc stimulates fibroblast proliferation and collagen
deposition, crucial for wound closure.
Antimicrobial Activity:
ZnNPs exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram-negative
and Gram-positive bacteria.
Anti-inflammatory Effects:
ZnNPs can modulate inflammatory responses, reducing the prolonged inflammation
that can impair wound healing.
Promote Epithelialization:
Zinc nanoparticles aid in the migration of epithelial cells, facilitating
faster re-epithelialization.
The small size of ZnNPs allows them to penetrate deep into
wound tissues, providing localized antimicrobial action and promoting healing
at the cellular level.
2.2 Types of Nanoparticles Used in Wound Care
Several types of nanoparticles are used in wound care, each
offering distinct benefits depending on their composition and surface
characteristics. Some common types include:
Metallic Nanoparticles
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs): As discussed, ZnO NPs possess antimicrobial,
anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. They are also used to treat
skin infections and promote skin regeneration.
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Chitosan Nanoparticles:
Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, has antimicrobial and wound-healing
properties. It is commonly used in wound dressings and hydrogels due to its
ability to promote cell growth, control infection, and support tissue
regeneration.
Polymeric Micelles and Nanogels: These nanoparticles are often used to encapsulate and
deliver bioactive compounds, such as antibiotics or growth factors, directly to
the wound site. They can improve the solubility and stability of these
compounds, allowing for sustained release and localized action.
Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
Liposomes and Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs): These nanoparticles are used for the delivery of
antimicrobial agents and growth factors. Liposomes, for instance, can
encapsulate hydrophilic or hydrophobic compounds, ensuring their stability and
controlled release at the wound site.
Ceramic Nanoparticles
Silica Nanoparticles (SiO2): These nanoparticles can be functionalized to release
antimicrobial agents or growth factors. They provide support to tissues and
help in the formation of extracellular matrices during wound healing.
2.3 Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action
The antimicrobial effects of nanoparticles arise from their
unique physicochemical properties, including their high surface area-to-volume
ratio, small size, and reactivity. The mechanisms through which nanoparticles
exert antimicrobial activity include:
Cell Membrane Disruption Nanoparticles, particularly metal nanoparticles like silver
and copper, can adhere to the microbial cell membrane, disrupting its
integrity. The nanoparticles interact with phospholipids and proteins in the
membrane, causing damage, leakage of cellular contents, and ultimately cell
death. This disruption is often due to the electrostatic interactions between
the positively charged nanoparticles and the negatively charged microbial
membranes.
Generation of Reactive Oxygen
Species (ROS) Many nanoparticles, such as silver,
zinc, and copper, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) when they come into
contact with moisture or biological fluids. ROS, including hydroxyl radicals,
superoxide anions, and peroxide, cause oxidative stress in
microbial cells, leading to DNA damage, protein denaturation, and cell death.
ROS generation is a powerful mechanism of action for antimicrobial
nanoparticles.
Ion Release Metal nanoparticles, like silver and copper, release metal
ions (Ag⁺, Cu²⁺) into the surrounding environment. These ions have
antimicrobial properties that interfere with the metabolism and replication of
bacteria. For example, silver ions can bind to the bacterial DNA, preventing
replication and transcription, while copper ions disrupt enzymatic functions
essential for microbial survival.
Biofilm Disruption Nanoparticles can interfere with the formation and
stability of bacterial biofilms, which are protective layers that bacteria form
on surfaces. Biofilms are particularly problematic in chronic wound infections
as they protect bacteria from both host immune responses and antibiotics. By
disrupting biofilms, nanoparticles make the bacteria more susceptible to
antimicrobial agents.
Cellular Uptake and Intracellular
Interactions The small size and high surface
area of nanoparticles enable them to penetrate bacterial cells, where they can
interact with intracellular components such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic
acids. For instance, silver nanoparticles are known to penetrate bacterial
cells and interact with the bacterial DNA, leading to genetic damage and cell
death.
Anti-inflammatory Effects Some nanoparticles, such as zinc oxide, exhibit
anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce the prolonged inflammation that
can occur in infected wounds. By modulating the immune response, these
nanoparticles can help accelerate healing and prevent chronic inflammation.
1.
Local
Applications in Wound Healing4.1.
Burn Wounds
Burn wounds
can range from superficial to deep tissue damage, and their healing requires
careful management to prevent infection, reduce scarring, and promote tissue
regeneration. The treatment often includes:
Topical Agents:
Aloe Vera:
Known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties, aloe vera gel is
commonly applied to minor burns. It helps in reducing redness and swelling
while promoting skin regeneration.
Honey: Honey is
widely used for burn wound healing due to its antibacterial properties and its
ability to maintain a moist wound environment, which aids in faster tissue
repair.
Silver Sulfadiazine Cream:
This antimicrobial cream is used to prevent infection in second- and
third-degree burns. It also helps in promoting healing by preventing bacterial
growth.
ABSTRACT-Wound infections remain a significant clinical challenge, often leading
to delayed healing, increased healthcare costs, and the risk of systemic
complications. The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens has prompted the
exploration of advanced antimicrobial strategies. One promising approach is the
local application of nanocoated surfaces with antimicrobial properties for
wound management. Nanotechnology enables the synthesis of metal and plant-based
nanoparticles that can be incorporated into dressings or sprays to provide
sustained antimicrobial action, minimize bacterial colonization, and promote
tissue regeneration. These nanocoatings—comprising silver, zinc oxide, or
phytochemical-loaded nanoparticles—exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity,
high surface area, and enhanced penetration into microbial biofilms.
Additionally, their ability to modulate inflammatory responses and support
cellular proliferation makes them ideal candidates for promoting faster and
more efficient wound healing. This review explores the current advancements in
the synthesis, characterization, and biomedical application of antimicrobial
nanocoated surfaces, with a focus on their local utility in wound care. Special
attention is given to eco-friendly, plant-based formulations that combine
traditional knowledge with modern nanotechnology, offering a safer and more
sustainable alternative to conventional therapies.
Keywords-Wound healing, Antimicrobial nanocoating, Local application,
Nanoparticles,
Biofilm inhibition, Infection
control, silver nanoparticles, Herbal nanotechnology.
घाव‑संक्रमण आज भी एक महत्वपूर्ण नैदानिक चुनौती है, जिससे उपचार में देरी, स्वास्थ्य‑व्यय में वृद्धि और प्रणालीगत जटिलताओं का जोखिम बढ़ जाता है। बहु‑औषधि‑प्रतिरोधी रोग जनकों के उभार ने उन्नत रोगाणुरोधी तकनीक की खोज को प्रोत्साहित किया है। जिसमें यह घाव प्रबंधन के लिए एक आशाजनक पद्धति रोगाणुरोधी गुणों वाली नैनो‑कोटेड सतहों का स्थानीय अनुप्रयोग है। नैनो‑प्रौद्योगिकी धातु‑आधारित एवं पौध‑आधारित नैनोकणों के संश्लेषण को संभव बनाती है, जिन्हें ड्रेसिंग या स्प्रे में सम्मिलित कर निरंतर रोगाणुरोधी क्रिया प्रदान की जा सकती है, बैक्टीरियल विस्तार को नियंत्रित किया जाता सकता है। ऊतक पुनर्जनन प्रक्रिया बढ़ती है। ये नैनोकोटिंग चाँदी, जिंक ऑक्साइड या फाइटो‑रसायनों से युक्त नैनोकण—विस्तृत‑स्पेक्ट्रम रोगाणु रोधी सक्रियता, उच्च सतह‑क्षेत्र तथा सूक्ष्म जैव फिल्मों में गहन प्रभाव दर्शाते हैं। यह तकनीक पर्यावरण‑अनुकूल,पौध‑आधारित पारंपरिक ज्ञान को आधुनिक नैनो‑प्रौद्योगिकी से जोड़ती है जो अधिक सुरक्षित और सतत विकल्प प्रदान करते हैं।
Natural Remedies:
Coconut Oil: It contains lauric acid, which has antimicrobial properties, making it effective in preventing infection while providing hydration to the wound.
Lavender Oil: Lavender oil is believed to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, aiding in pain reduction and tissue healing
2. Chronic Ulcers (Diabetic, Venous)
Chronic ulcers, such as diabetic ulcers and venous ulcers, are often slow to heal and can become infected easily. The management of these ulcers typically includes:
Diabetic Ulcers:
Topical Antimicrobial Agents: Regular cleaning with antiseptic agents such as povidone-iodine or hydrogen peroxide helps in preventing infection.
Honey or Manuka Honey: These have been shown to be effective in promoting healing in diabetic ulcers due to their ability to provide a moist environment and their antibacterial properties.
Growth Factor Therapy: Some wound dressings are impregnated with growth factors to stimulate tissue regeneration, particularly for deep diabetic ulcers.
Hydrocolloid Dressings: These provide a moist environment and are often used for diabetic ulcers to speed up healing and reduce infection risk.
Venous Ulcers:
Compression Therapy: Compression bandages are often applied to venous ulcers to help reduce swelling and improve circulation, which is crucial for healing.
Topical Silver Products: Silver-infused dressings and creams are used for their antimicrobial properties to reduce infection risk and promote healing.
Moisture-Rich Dressings: Hydrocolloid and foam dressings help maintain a moist wound environment, which is conducive to healing venous ulcers.
Coconut Oil: It contains lauric acid, which has antimicrobial properties, making it effective in preventing infection while providing hydration to the wound.
Lavender Oil: Lavender oil is believed to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, aiding in pain reduction and tissue healing
2. Chronic Ulcers (Diabetic, Venous)
Chronic ulcers, such as diabetic ulcers and venous ulcers, are often slow to heal and can become infected easily. The management of these ulcers typically includes:
Diabetic Ulcers:
Topical Antimicrobial Agents: Regular cleaning with antiseptic agents such as povidone-iodine or hydrogen peroxide helps in preventing infection.
Honey or Manuka Honey: These have been shown to be effective in promoting healing in diabetic ulcers due to their ability to provide a moist environment and their antibacterial properties.
Growth Factor Therapy: Some wound dressings are impregnated with growth factors to stimulate tissue regeneration, particularly for deep diabetic ulcers.
Hydrocolloid Dressings: These provide a moist environment and are often used for diabetic ulcers to speed up healing and reduce infection risk.
Venous Ulcers:
Compression Therapy: Compression bandages are often applied to venous ulcers to help reduce swelling and improve circulation, which is crucial for healing.
Topical Silver Products: Silver-infused dressings and creams are used for their antimicrobial properties to reduce infection risk and promote healing.
Moisture-Rich Dressings: Hydrocolloid and foam dressings help maintain a moist wound environment, which is conducive to healing venous ulcers.
3. Surgical Wounds
Surgical wounds need to be managed carefully to prevent complications such as infection, delayed healing, or excessive scarring. The following are common local treatments:
Antibiotic Ointments:
Neosporin or Bacitracin: These are often applied to clean surgical wounds to prevent infection. They contain a combination of antibiotics to protect against a broad range of bacterial infections.
Mupirocin Ointment: Specifically useful for preventing infection in surgical wounds caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Moist Dressings:
Hydrocolloid and Foam Dressings: These are often used to keep the surgical site moist, which promotes faster healing and reduces the risk of scarring.
Alginate Dressings: Particularly useful in wounds with moderate to heavy exudate, they help absorb excess moisture while preventing bacterial infection.
Healing Promoting Agents:
Vitamin E and Aloe Vera: Some patients apply these topically after the wound has healed to reduce scarring and enhance tissue regeneration.
Cocoa Butter: It is believed to improve skin elasticity and reduce scar formation when applied regularly after wound closure.
Gentle Cleansing and Debridement: Regular cleaning with saline solution and careful debridement of necrotic tissue ensures that the surgical wound remains free of infection and promotes healthy tissue regeneration.
Each type of wound has specific care requirements, and the right local applications depend on the nature of the wound, the stage of healing, and the patient’s overall health condition.
Herbal Ingredient Used
1. Agnimantha (Clerodendrum phlomidis / Premna integrifolia)
Family: Part used: Bark, leaves, roots
Pharmacological activities:
Anti-inflammatory
Antimicrobial
Antipyretic
Analgesic
Antioxidant
Diuretic
Uses:
Used in Dashamoola and Panchwaal
Treats fever, urinary disorders, inflammation, arthritis, and indigestion
Figure 1: . Represents the Agnimanth extract
A.
Represents the petri plate before
the colony count which shows no contamination at all.
B.
Represents the petri plate after the colony count which
shows Minor contamination , which results that it has Antimicrobial property.
2. Panchwaal Extract
Composition: A combination of bark extracts from five trees:
Vata (Ficus benghalensis)
Udumbara (Ficus racemosa)
Ashwattha (Ficus religiosa)
Parisha (Thespesia populnea)
Plaksha (Ficus lacor / Ficus infectoria)
Pharmacological activities:
Antibacterial and antifungal
Astringent and wound healing
Anti-inflammatory
Used for skin infections, vaginal infections, and wound cleansing
Advantage
Description
|
Sustained Antimicrobial Effect |
Long-term release of
nanoparticles provides continuous protection against infection. |
|
Enhanced Tissue Regeneration |
Promotes cell proliferation,
angiogenesis, and controlled release of growth factors. |
|
Reduced Antibiotic Resistance |
Decreases reliance on systemic
antibiotics; nanoparticles act via alternative antimicrobial pathways. |
|
Moisture Retention & Barrier |
Maintains optimal hydration,
reduces pain, and shields from external contaminants. |
OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
1. Wound Contraction Rate (% of wound closure)
2. Microbial Load on Wound (CFU count)
|
Sample |
Initial (CFU/ml) |
Day 7 (CFU/ml) |
Day 14 (CFU/ml) |
|
Control 1 |
1.2 × 10⁶ |
1.6 × 10⁶ |
2.1 × 10⁶ |
|
Control 2 |
1.2 × 10⁶ |
1.3 × 10⁶ |
1.7 × 10⁶ |
|
Standard |
1.2 × 10⁶ |
4.5 × 10³ |
1.2 × 10² |
|
A (5%) |
1.2 × 10⁶ |
9.2 × 10⁴ |
5.4 × 10³ |
|
B (10%) |
1.2 × 10⁶ |
6.3 × 10³ |
2.0 × 10² |
|
C (15%) |
1.2 × 10⁶ |
4.7 × 10³ |
1.0 × 10² |
|
Sample |
Initial (CFU/ml) |
Day 7 (CFU/ml) |
Day 14 (CFU/ml) |
|
Control 1 |
1.2 × 10⁶ |
1.6 × 10⁶ |
2.1 × 10⁶ |
|
Control 2 |
1.2 × 10⁶ |
1.3 × 10⁶ |
1.7 × 10⁶ |
|
Standard |
1.2 × 10⁶ |
4.5 × 10³ |
1.2 × 10² |
|
A (5%) |
1.2 × 10⁶ |
9.2 × 10⁴ |
5.4 × 10³ |
|
B (10%) |
1.2 × 10⁶ |
6.3 × 10³ |
2.0 × 10² |
|
C (15%) |
1.2 × 10⁶ |
4.7 × 10³ |
1.0 × 10² |
The integration of local applications and nanocoated technologies in wound healing represents a significant advancement in modern therapeutics. Traditional wound treatments have been greatly enhanced by herbal and natural remedies like honey, aloe vera, and silver-based creams, which provide effective antimicrobial and regenerative benefits across a range of wound types including burns, chronic ulcers, and surgical wounds.
However, the emergence of nanocoated applications has elevated wound care by offering sustained antimicrobial effects, enhanced tissue regeneration, reduced reliance on systemic antibiotics, and improved moisture retention and barrier protection. These advantages collectively address critical challenges in wound management such as infection control, slow healing, and antibiotic resistance.
As evidence continues to grow, it is clear that nanotechnology-based interventions—especially when combined with bioactive herbal compounds—offer a promising, future-oriented approach to faster, safer, and more efficient wound healing. Continued research, standardization, and clinical validation are essential to fully harness the potential of these innovative therapies in both acute and chronic wound care.
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