Issue-30 Vol. 1, Jan.-Mar. 2025 Paper ID-E30/8 ISSN:2581-7884 RNI:UPBIL/2017/75141
Dr Ajay Kumar Singh1, Dr Dharni Dhar Singh2
1Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Rasa Shastra and
Bhaishajya Kalpana
Abstract
Rasa Shastra is a specific
part of Ayurveda, which manages metals and minerals. Mercury is a centre
individual from this old Science. The pharmaceutical preparation are made under
this science has an
integral part of Ayurvedic
therapeutics after long and rigorous pharmaceutical procedures. These metals
and minerals are converted into such a
form that they can Show their therapeutic efficacywithout any adverse effect. Shodhan, Maran, Jarana,
Murchhan, Patana, Churan, Vati, Avaleh
etc are procedure which are used for the preparation of various formulation. In
present work an attempt has been made to
Provide the information regarding. "Yantra" used in the ancient and
present with modern
equipment.
Introduction
Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya
Kalpana fundamentally manages the Ayurvedic pharmaceutics. In text of Rasa Shastra different techniques
and system are referenced change over these metals and minerals into remedially valuable structure.
The procedure commonly used for the processing of Maharasa, Uparasa, Shodhana,
Marana, Jarana etc. To perform these procedures systematically some tool and
equipment were used. These were called “Yantra”.In Rasa Ratna Samuchchaya,
Yantra are define as the measure which are used to perform swedani procedures
and to control the mercury know as “Yantra”. 1
In Anand Kanda, it is
mentioned that the thing by which control the passed are called as “Yantra”. 2
So we can see in the ancient classic these appliances are modified and
developed time to time as per their mood. Number of Yantra
in various text of Rasa Shastra :-
|
S.No |
Classical
Reference |
No
of Yantra |
|
1. |
Rasarnava
(12 Century) |
5 |
|
2. |
Rasendra
Chudamani (12 Century) |
30 |
|
3. |
Rasa
Ratna Samuchchaya (13 Century) |
32 |
|
4. |
Rasendra
Sara Sangraha (16 Century) |
9 |
|
5. |
Rasa
Tarangini
|
20 |
Naming of Yanra in classical text:-
(i)Based on
their shapes :- Damaru yantra,
Kachchhapa Yantra, Ghata Yantra, etc
(ii) Based on their function:- Swedani yantra, Jarana yantra, Patna Yantra
(iii) Based on material used :- Lavana Yantra , Valuka Yantra, Bhasm
Yantra.
Aims and objectives :- Aim of these literary article is to review the
details of ancient and modern equipment used in the present time.
Showing the Yantra used in ancient and present time in the different
preparations –
1. Hot Plate
3
A hot plate is a device used
to heat samples, solutions and materials
uniformly without the danger associated with the open flame at precise
temperature.
Advantage –
Are conveniently
portable.
Mechanical stirrers are
being replaced with hot plate stirrers because they require less work, are
quitter and are considerably more effective.
2. Grinders 4
Grinders is a process in
which the substances are reduced into coarse particles or fine powders. The following
are the equipment are-
Edge and end runner mill –5
Size reduction by compression can be carried out on a small scale using end
runner mill and edge runner which are mechanized forms
of mortar and pestle type
compression commination.
Hammer mill –6 The main
component of hammer mill is a row of hammers
that are hinged on a central shaft and contained in a strong metal
container. Size reduction is achieved by
impact. The principal of hammer mill is bases on the impact between a rapidly
moving hammer mounted on the rotor and powder the material.
Ball mill –7 is used to
grind the materials to get a course or fine powder. Ball mill
principal work on impact and attrition ,
impact means pressure exerted by two heavy objects, attrition means reduce the
size of material when they colloid by heavy weight ( ball).
Disintegrators 8 - It is
used for coarse grinding of the medium hard mineral products. It works on the
principle of impact and attrition.
3. Blenders 9
Play a significant role in
mixing ingredients in pharmaceutical. Different types are available in blenders
such as octagonal blenders, v – type blenders, double cone blenders, vertical
blender, mass blender.
4. Sieves 10
The sieving technique is used
widely to separate the fine powder by utilizing sieves of specific sizes.Types
of sieving
Safety screening – Used to
remove the contamination or foreign particles in the powder.
Grading – Used to separate
the powders as per its required size.
5. Distillation
11
Distillation is a process of
separating the component substances from a liquid mixture by selective
evaporation and condensation .
Types-
Simple distillation – is a
process of converting a single constituent from a liquid in to its
vapour,transferring the vapour to another place and recovering the liquid by
condensing the vapours, usually by allowing it to come in contact with a cold
surface.
Vacuum distillation - Process in
which the liquid is distilled at a
lower than its boiling point by
the application of vaccum.
Steam distillation – It is
used to separate high boiling substance
from nonvolatile impurities, to separate immiscible liquids.
Fractional distillation –
Process in which vaporization of liquid mixture gives rise to a mixture of constituents
from which the desired one is separated in pure form.
6. Hot air oven
12
It works based on the
principle of dry heat sterilization , employing a combination of convection,
conduction, and radiation mechanisms. Scientifically, the process being with
the heating element warming the air
within the chamber. To ensure uniform heat distribution, fans circulate this
heated air, ensuring all surface of the samples or items are uniformly exposed
to the elevated temperatures.
7. Pharmaceutical dryers 13
Dryers are used to remove
liquids or moisture from bulk solids, powders, parts, continuous sheets or
other liquids by evaporation or sublimation. Such as-
Vacuum tray dryer- It is
used mainly for drying of high grade, temperature and oxygen sensitiveproducts.
It is highly suitable for drying hygroscopic substances, which are dried to
very low residual moisture, content level.
Rotatory dryer - These
dryers feed materials in to thumbling or rotating drum or tumbler. The drum is
heated or heated air is fed in to unit. The internal surface of the drum may
have baffles or louvers to channel the hot air or cascade the material.
8. Tablet making machines 14
The tablet press is a high
speed mechanical device. It compresses the ingredients into the required tablet
shape with extreme precision. A tablet is formed by the combined pressing
action of two punches and a die.
Types of punching machines
-
Single punch machine 15
It employs a single tooling station that is a die and a pair of upper and lower
punches. In this the compaction force on the fill material is exerted by only
the upper punch while the lower punch is immovable such as action equivalent to
hammering motion.
Rotatory tablet machine –
It is also called as multi station
tablet press. It is termed because the head of the machine that holds the upper
punches, dies and lower punches in place
rotates.
9. Tablet coating machine 16
It is an equipment that coats
the external surface of a tablet using a thin film of coating material. For the
tablet which is to be coated they are placed in a closed drum which is made to
rotate continuously in an orbital manner under the influence of a streamlined
plate. During the orbital motion of the tablets, the coating medium sprays
automatically in a rotational manner in order to avoid excess coating on the
tablets.
10. Granulators
17
Used in mixing agitation, and
shear mixing, used in pharmaceuticals to make granules. The components are
highly responsible for the wet granulation process. The impeller in the machine is responsible
for uniformly mixing wet granules, and the chopper helps in breaking or
reducing particle size at this stage they work on a low speed. Then after the
formation of wet mass, they are operated at a high speed to make the desired
granule size.
Granulation is the process in
which primary powder particles are made to adhere to form larger, multiparticle
entities called granules. After granulation the granules will either be packed
or they may be mixed with other excipients prior to tablet compaction or
capsule filling.
11. Strip packing machine 18
Automatic high speed packing
machine with a capacity up to 2500 tablets per minute. In
this machine wide of products
can be packed automatically/semi-automatically. The product is fed through
hopper and feeding device flows to the heat sealing roller cavities, the
desired laminated foils from the two rollers is drawn on the sealing rollers
which packs and seals the product continuously. The sealed strip passes through
the vertical and horizontal cutters to get desired strip sizes.
12. Mechanical mixing 19
Mixing is a unit operation in
which a uniform mixture is obtained from two or more components, by dispersing
one within the other. Equipment's used for mixing are triple roller mill,
paddle mixture, turbine mixture, propellers, sigma blade mixer, blenders.
Discussion –
Yantra are mentioned in Rasa tarangini
which shows most practical applicability
, yantras are used in different
pharmaceutical procedures. Yantra are
named based on their shape material used for their formation and the
procedures for those they are used in
ancient method for extraction of swaras kalka churna the khalva yantra – puta
paka method were used for easy way of preparation these are replaced with the
grinders, mixter , muffel furnace juice machine.In ancient method for heating
process of any procedures the chullika or kosthy were used in modern process
gas chulha, electrical chulha (indexson), hot plate etc. So says that in
ancient time yantra was not developed. Todays is developed various yantra ex –
muffel, furnace felling capsule machine, grinders, mixture machine etc.
Conclusion
–
Rasa Shastra moves toward
more functional then hypothetical. For fruitful achievement of the method,
significance of the yantra are most. These are significantly important in parad
ashta sanskar and Rasa aushadhi preparation. Before internal administration
these herbomineral preparation, Metals and minerals has to go under different
procedures i.e., shodhan, marana, jarana etc. without these procedures could
not be performed. That is the reason in present period additionally these
yantras assume use part. Thus in order to growing technologies the advancement
in the equipment are to be adopted in day to day preparation of my
pharmaceutical product.
References
1. Mishra S. Prof., Rasa
Ratna Samuchchaya, Re. ed.: 2019, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 9/2, 227.
2. Mishra S. Prof.,
Anandakand, Re. ed.: 2015, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 26/1, 601.
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hotplate%20principle- parts- procedure- types- use
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Archana 2013 Size reduction methods and factors affecting size reduction in
pharmaceutics International Research Journal of Pharmacy.
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edge- runnermill- end- runner- mill/
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www.slideshare.net/ dhaneshwarkumar5/ srppt
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sieving/ types- of- sieving
11. https://
www.slideshare.net/ ParagJain11/ pharmaceutical- engineering- distill: पर
12. https://
microbiologynote.com/ hot- air- oven/
13. https://
www.pharmaceutical machinery.in/ pharmaceutical dryer.htm
14. https://
www.slideshare.net/ chetan 1332/working- of- tablet- punching- machine.
15. https://
www.slideshare.net/ chetan1332/working- of- tablet- punching- machine 16.
https:// www.pharmaguideline.com/ 2016/01/working- and- principle- of- tablet-
coating- machine.html
17. https:// pharmaguddu.com/
rapid- mixture- granulatorrmg- working- and- principle/ worl 18.
pharmaceutical- packaging- machines.pdf.
19. https:// pharmaguddu.com/ pharmaceutical m
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